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Panjabi (Eastern)

Phylum: Indo-European

Genus: Indo-Aryan

Lat/lon: 31.1471305, 75.3412179

ISO code: pan

Consonants

Basic short series

bilabiallabio-velardentalalveolarpostalveolarretroflexpalatalvelarglottal
stopp, pʰ, bt̪, t̪ʰ, d̪ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖc, cʰ, ɟk, kʰ, g
trillr
tapɽ
fricativesʃɦ
nasalmɳ
approximantwj
lateral approximantlɭ

Vowels

Basic short series

frontcentralback
closeiu
near-closeɪʊ
close-mideo
midə
open-midɛɔ
opena

Short nasalised series

frontcentralback
close
close-mid
open-midɛ̃ɔ̃
open

Tones

13, 454, 33

Licit finals

CC

Source: Shackle, Chirstopher. 2003. Panjabi. The Indo-Aryan Languages, ed. by Dhanesh Jain and George Cardona, 581–621. Routledge; Bhatia, Tej K. 1993. Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar. Psychology Press.

Comments: Clusters /pr, kr, gr, ʈr, t̪r, sr, sl, kj, kʰj, t̪j, pj, bj, kw, gw/ present in educated speech, broken in colloquial parlance.

Contributed by: Dmitry Nikolaev (dnikolaev@fastmail.com)