bilabial | labio-velar | dental | alveolar | postalveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | glottal | |
stop | p, pʰ, b | t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪ | ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖ | c, cʰ, ɟ | k, kʰ, g | ||||
trill | r | ||||||||
tap | ɽ | ||||||||
fricative | s | ʃ | ɦ | ||||||
nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ||||||
approximant | w | j | |||||||
lateral approximant | l | ɭ |
front | central | back | |
close | i | u | |
near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
close-mid | e | o | |
mid | ə | ||
open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
open | a |
front | central | back | |
close | ĩ | ũ | |
close-mid | ẽ | õ | |
open-mid | ɛ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
open | ã |
13, 454, 33
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Source: Shackle, Chirstopher. 2003. Panjabi. The Indo-Aryan Languages, ed. by Dhanesh Jain and George Cardona, 581–621. Routledge; Bhatia, Tej K. 1993. Punjabi: A Conginitive-descriptive Grammar. Psychology Press.
Comments: Clusters /pr, kr, gr, ʈr, t̪r, sr, sl, kj, kʰj, t̪j, pj, bj, kw, gw/ present in educated speech, broken in colloquial parlance.
Contributed by: Dmitry Nikolaev (dnikolaev@fastmail.com)