EURPhon: Kalam (Swat-Dir) Kohistani

Phylum: Indo-European

Genus: Indo-Aryan

Lat/lon: 35.478979, 72.591237

ISO code: gwc

Consonants

Basic short series

	bilabial	labio-velar	labio-dental	alveolar	postalveolar	retroflex	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
stop	p, pʰ, b			t, tʰ, d		ʈ, ʈʰ, ɖ		k, kʰ, g	q
trill				r
fricative			f	s, z	ʃ	ʂ		x, ɣ		h
affricate				ts, tsʰ	tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ	ʈʂ, ʈʂʰ
lateral fricative				ɬ
nasal	m			n		ɳ		ŋ
approximant		w					j
lateral approximant				l

Vowels

Basic short series

	front	central	back
close	i		u
close-mid	e		o
near-open	æ
open		a

Long series

	front	central	back
close	iː		uː
close-mid	eː		oː
near-open	æː
open		aː

Short nasalised series

	front	central	back
close	ĩ		ũ
close-mid	ẽ
near-open	æ̃
open		ã

Long nasalised series

	front	central	back
close	ĩː		ũː
close-mid	ẽː
near-open	æ̃ː
open		ãː

Tones

55, 51, 551, 11, 15

Source: Bashir, Elena. 2007. Dardic. The Indo-Aryan languages, ed. by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, 818–894. Routledge language family series. London: Routledge; Baart, Joan L. G. 1995. The Tones of Kalam Kohistani (Garwi, Bashkarik), paper presented at the Third International Hindukush Cultural Conference. Chitral, Pakistan; Baart, Joan L. G. 1997. The Sounds and Tones of Kalam Kohistani. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies; SIL.

Comments: “Aspiration almost always co-occurs with L or LH melody, while lack of aspiration often co-occurs with H, HL or H(L) [delayed high-to-low falling, 551 in my notation, D.N.] (Baart 1995: 13–14). Stress is also predictable from tone (Baart 1997: 48)” (Bashir 2007: 860). “f, q, ɣ, z, and x occur mostly in loanwords (Baart 1995: 5)” (Bashir 2007: 861). Aspiration is losing its contrastiveness; minimal pairs are rare.