EURPhon: Dargwa (Icari)

Phylum: Nakh-Daghestanian

Genus: Dargi

Lat/lon: 41.99805556, 47.57333333

ISO code: dar

Consonants

Basic short series

	bilabial	labio-velar	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	pharyngeal	glottal	epiglottal
stop	b, p, p’		d̪, t̪, t̪’				k, k’	q, q’		ʔ	ʡ’
trill				r
fricative			z̪, s̪		ʒ		ɣ, x	ʁ, χ	ħ	h
affricate			t̪s̪, t̪s̪’		tʃ, tʃ’
nasal	m			n
approximant		w				j
lateral approximant				l

Long series

	bilabial	dental	postalveolar	velar	uvular
stop	pː	t̪ː		kː	qː
fricative		s̪ː	ʃː	xː	χː
affricate		t̪s̪ː	tʃː

Short labialised series

	velar	uvular
stop	kʷ, k’ʷ	qʷ, q’ʷ
fricative	ɣʷ, xʷ	ʁʷ, χʷ

Long labialised series

	velar	uvular
stop	kːʷ	qːʷ
fricative	xːʷ	χːʷ

Vowels

Basic short series

	front	central	back
close	i		u
close-mid	e
open		a

Short pharyngealised series

	central	back
close		uˤ
open	aˤ

Source: Sumbatova, Nina, and Rasul Mutalov. 2003. A Grammar of Icari Dargwa. Newcastle: LINCOM Europa.

Comments: Pharyngealized and non-pharyngealized vowels are phonemically distinct... However, in most cases pharyngealization can be viewed as a phenomenon of the morphophonetic level, i.e. a property of a morpheme... Long vowels are rather marginal. In most cases, they result from sandhi processes at morphemic boundaries... there are a few roots and affixes containing long vowels (1.1). The sound [f] is attested only in a few ideophones... Icari also has labialized consonants... velar and uvular labialized consonants appear in a few nominal and verbal roots... Only velar and uvular labialized consonants (if any) can be treated as phonemes, the others are more adequately analysed as phonetic realisations of the consequence '(non-labialized) consonant + /u/'. (1.2).